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Хх симпозиум по геохимии изотопов им. Виноградова А. П. 12-14 ноября 2013 года - страница №3/3
![]() Sulfur isotope signatures for rapid colonization of an impact crater by thermophilic microbes //GEOLOGY Volume: 38 Issue: 3 Pages: 271-274 MAR 2010 In the 23-km-diameter Haughton impact structure, Canadian High Arctic, in sulfate-rich bedrock, widespread hydrothermal sulfide mineralization occurred in breccias formed during the impact. The sulfides exhibit extreme sulfur isotopic fractionation relative to the original sulfate, requiring microbial sulfate reduction by thermophiles throughout the crater. This evidence of widespread microbial activity demonstrates that colonization could occur within the lifetime of a moderately sized, impact-induced hydrothermal system. The pyrite was subsequently oxidized to jarosite, which may also have been microbially mediated. The successful detection of evidence for microbial life suggests that it would be a valuable technique to deploy in sulfate-rich impact terrain on Mars. 84. Price, Gregory D.; Nunn, Elizabeth V.Valanginian isotope variation in glendonites and belemnites from Arctic Svalbard: Transient glacial temperatures during the Cretaceous greenhouse //GEOLOGY Volume: 38 Issue: 3 Pages: 251-254 MAR 2010 Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Cretaceous (Valanginian) glendonites and belemnites from Arctic Svalbard are presented. Oxygen isotope data from well-preserved glendonites, in conjunction with the ikaite to glendonite pseudomorph transition temperature, are used to provide an estimate of the oxygen isotope composition of ambient seawater. Calculation of such a factor is essential for robust paleotemperature estimates. Using this methodology, our paleotemperatures calculated from the oxygen isotope compositions of coexisting belemnites yield cool temperatures (4-7 degrees C) consistent with transient glacial polar conditions during the Cretaceous greenhouse. Cool polar temperatures during the Cretaceous help reconcile geologic data with the simulations of general circulation models. Nevertheless, beyond this postulated and transient cool event within the Valanginian, the remainder of the isotope data are interpretable in terms of warm polar conditions during the Cretaceous greenhouse. 85. Amiot, Romain; Buffetaut, Eric; Lecuyer, Christophe; et al.Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among spinosaurid theropods //GEOLOGY Volume: 38 Issue: 2 Pages: 139-142 FEB 2010 Spinosaurs were large theropod dinosaurs showing peculiar specializations, including somewhat crocodile-like elongate jaws and conical teeth. Their biology has been much discussed, and a piscivorous diet has been suggested on the basis of,jaw as well as tooth morphology and stomach contents. Although fish eating has been considered plausible, an aquatic or semiaquatic lifestyle has seldom been suggested because of the apparent lack of corresponding adaptations in the postcranial skeleton of spinosaurs, which on the whole is reminiscent of that of other large terrestrial theropods. On the basis of the oxygen isotopic composition of their phosphatic remains compared with those of coexisting terrestrial theropod dinosaurs and semiaquatic crocodilians and turtles, we conclude that spinosaurs had semiaquatic lifestyles, i.e., they spent a large part of their daily time in water, like extant crocodilians or hippopotamuses. This result sheds light on niche partitioning between large predatory dinosaurs, since spinosaurs coexisted with other large theropods such as carcharodontosaurids or tyrannosaurids. The likely ichlhyophagy and aquatic habits of spinosaurids may, have allowed them to coexist with other large theropods by reducing competition for food and territory. 86. Arehart, Greg B.; DeYoung, Susan; Poulson, Simon R.; et al. Sulfur Isotopes in Plutonic Rocks of the Great Basin Indicators of Crustal Architecture //JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Volume: 121 Issue: 4 Pages: 355-369 JUL 2013 Reconstructions of geologic provinces in the crust are an important component of understanding ancient plate tectonic processes and crustal evolution. Isotopic data from plutonic rocks, primarily Sr, Nd, Pb, and O, have been commonly utilized to delineate ancient geological provinces. Sulfur isotopes have not previously been utilized for province reconstruction, perhaps because of the difficulty in analysis and interpretation. We present here the results of the first large-scale effort at utilizing sulfur isotopes as an indicator of crustal architecture and demonstrate that sulfur is complementary to other isotopic measurements. We also show that, because of mass balance considerations, sulfur can be potentially a far more sensitive indicator of magma-crust interaction processes during magma migration through the crust than are other isotope systems. We anticipate that addition of sulfur isotope measurements to other studies of crustal evolution will provide significant insights into plate tectonics and crustal evolution in many areas of the world. 87. Zhang, Kai-Jun; Li, Bing; Wei, Qing-Guo Diversified Provenance of the Songpan-Ganzi Triassic Turbidites, Central China: Constraints from Geochemistry and Nd Isotopes //JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Volume: 120 Issue: 1 Pages: 69-82 JAN 2012 The Songpan-Ganzi Complex (SGC) in central China is one of the largest turbidite basins on Earth, but the origin of slates and sandstones is still open to debate. Petrographic, geochemical, and Nd isotope data for representative turbidites were collected, and the SGC was thus divided up into four main zones. The western and middle zones are characterized by easterly paleocurrents, abundant high-pressure (HP)-related dense minerals, and low chemical index of alteration (CIA) and Th/U values. The samples from the western zone have strongly negative epsilon(Nd) values, old Nd model ages, and low ferromagnesian but high felsic contents. The sediments from the middle zone have intermediate epsilon(Nd) values and Nd model ages and trace elemental ratios. No HP-related dense minerals have been identified in the eastern zone, which is dominated by westerly paleocurrents, with intermediate Nd isotopic and geochemical values. The northernmost zone is characterized by high epsilon(Nd) (0) values, young T(DM) ages, and high ferromagnesian but low felsic contents. Geochemical and Nd isotopic data all are suggestive of an overall silicic provenance of the sediments, which have not been homogenized by recycling. Several source rocks for the samples are identified, and they include sedimentary rocks, ophiolites, silicic igneous rocks, and HP metamorphic rocks. Nd isotopes and geochemical indices least susceptible to change by sedimentary processes indicate that turbidites in the SGC were dominantly derived from central Qiangtang, Dabie-Qinling, and Kunlun. The low CIA values and Th/U ratios indicate that the source areas for the western SGC could have been elevated by tectonism and dominated by cool and/or arid climates. 88. Cucciniello, Ciro; Langone, Antonio; Melluso, Leone; et al. U-Pb Ages, Pb-Os Isotope Ratios, and Platinum-Group Element (PGE) Composition of the West-Central Madagascar Flood Basalt Province //JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Volume: 118 Issue: 5 Pages: 523-541 SEP 2010 The Mailaka lava succession (central-western Madagascar) forms part of the Madagascar large igneous province and is characterized by basaltic to picritic basalt lava flows and minor evolved flows. In situ U-Pb dating of zircon in rhyodacites yields concordant ages of 89.7 +/- 1.4 and 90.7 +/- 1.1 Ma. Therefore, the capping rhyodacitic unit of the Mailaka lava succession was emplaced just after the underlying basalt sequence (dated paleontologically at Coniacian-Turonian). Two geochemically different lava series are present. A transitional series ranging from picritic basalts to basalts has incompatible element abundances and Pb, Os, and Nd isotope ratios within the range of mid-ocean ridge basalts. In addition, the concentrations of platinum-group elements (Ir < 0.35 ng/g, Ru < 0.17 ng/g, Pd = 1.0-1.6 ng/g) in the transitional basalts are generally lower than in basaltic lavas from oceanic plateaus (e.g., Ontong Java and Kerguelen) and other continental flood basalt provinces (e.g., Deccan and Etendeka). A tholeiitic series ranges from picritic basalts to rhyodacites and has relatively high concentrations of trace elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, Th, and light lanthanides) and the Pb-Sr-Nd and Os isotopic characteristic of magmas that have assimilated continental crust. The Pb isotope ratios of tholeiitic andesites indicate the involvement of a component highly depleted in radiogenic Pb, very likely old lower crust. Energy-constrained-assimilation-fractional-crystallization modeling indicates that the rhyodacites may be the result of similar to 25% assimilation of upper continental crust, with a ratio between assimilated mass and subtracted solid of similar to 0.35. An andesite with low Pb isotope ratios may be the result of similar to 8% assimilation of lower continental crust with a mass assimilated/mass accumulated ratio of similar to 0.1. Interaction of mantle-derived magmas with crustal lithologies of different age and evolutionary history thus occurred in this sector of the flood basalt province. Contamination of mantle-derived rocks by material of different crustal domains is a process also observed in other large igneous provinces, such as the Deccan Traps. 89. Rehnstrom, Emma F. Prolonged Paleozoic Magmatism in the East Greenland Caledonides: Some Constraints from U-Pb Ages and Hf Isotopes //JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Volume: 118 Issue: 5 Pages: 447-465 SEP 2010 New U, Pb, and Hf isotopic data from thermal ionization mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry from intermediate calc-alkaline rocks in the Caledonides of central East Greenland provide new evidence of a prolonged period of Paleozoic subduction-related magmatism. The new data point toward two groups of plutons: one older generation crystallizing at ca. 450 Ma and a younger generation at ca. 423 Ma. There is additionally a titanite-forming event at ca. 440 Ma. The Hf isotopes of the younger group have a larger variation and less juvenile character than those of the older group, but data indicate a mixed source with both crustal and mantle components for both groups. These new data combined with already published geochronological data testify to a prolonged and complex magmatic history starting markedly earlier in the southernmost segment of the East Greenland Caledonides than farther north. The varied geochemical compositions of the plutons and the prolonged intrusive activity are in contrast to the short-lived homogeneous S-type leucogranitic magmatism found elsewhere in the East Greenland Caledonides and bear more similarities to arc-related terranes now found in the Irish, Scottish, and Scandinavian Caledonides. It is speculated that the earlier plutons in East Greenland represent the northernmost expression of continental arcs formed in a west-directed subduction system along the full length of the Laurentian margin in the Paleozoic. The later plutons formed concomitant with leucogranite intrusions within a collisional setting. 90. Clyde, William C.; Ting, Suyin; Snell, Kathryn E.; et al. New Paleomagnetic and Stable-Isotope Results from the Nanxiong Basin, China: Implications for the K/T Boundary and the Timing of Paleocene Mammalian Turnover //JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Volume: 118 Issue: 2 Pages: 131-143 MAR 2010 The Nanxiong Basin (Guangdong Province, China) preserves the most complete Asian stratigraphic record of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary extinction and the subsequent Paleocene mammalian radiation. Despite extensive study, the precise placement of the K/Pg boundary in the Nanxiong Basin sequence has been controversial, and the timing of subsequent mammalian turnover is poorly constrained. We present new paleomagnetic and geochemical data from the Late Cretaceous Pingling Formation (Nanxiong Group) and the overlying Paleocene Shanghu, Nongshan, and Guchengcun formations (Luofozhai Group). Our samples are directly correlated with previous geochemical and paleontological sampling localities, allowing for easy comparison with other local proxy records. Results indicate that the traditional placement of the K/Pg boundary at the base of a chaotic channel sandstone bed marking the highest stratigraphic appearance of dinosaur eggshell fragments and lowest stratigraphic appearance of Paleocene mammalian fossils lies about two-thirds of the way up Chron C29R, consistent with the placement of the boundary in all other well-documented sections. The average carbon isotope composition of paleosol carbonates decreases by >2 parts per thousand in the Early Paleocene, consistent with a major disruption to global carbon cycling after the K/Pg boundary. Constraints on the age of the first major Cenozoic mammalian turnover event in Asia (the Shanghuan-Nongshanian Asian Land Mammal Age boundary) support its placement near the top of Chron C27N, which coincides with a similar turnover in North America and geochemical changes recorded in several deep sea cores. 91. Makhnach, A. A.; Kuleshov, V. N.; Vinogradov, V. I.; et al. Carbon, oxygen, and sulfur isotope compositions of carbonate and sulfate rocks from the Famennian potassium-bearing subformation of the Pripyat trough //LITHOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Volume: 48 Issue: 4 Pages: 327-342 JUL 2013 Peculiar features of evaporitic process at the stage of potassium accumulation are considered on the basis of carbon and oxygen isotope data on carbonate rocks and sulfur isotope data on anhydrite from the Famennian potassium-bearing subformation of the Starobin potassic salt deposit in the Pripyat trough. It was found that potassium accumulation was accompanied by the influx of continental waters and highly concentrated brines, while the formation of thick salt-free units was related to the replenishment of fresh seawater to the basin. 92. Malov, A. I. Application of geological benchmarks for determining groundwater residence time in the aquifer based on uranium isotope data: Evidence from the Severnaya Dvina Basin //LITHOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Volume: 48 Issue: 3 Pages: 254-265 MAY 2013 Using the Severnaya Dvina Basin as an example, it is shown that information on the distribution of natural U isotopes in aquifers can be applied for practical estimation of the duration of interaction between groundwater and host rocks (age of groundwater). The proposed calculation method includes preliminary determination of the generalized calculated parameter (probability of the transfer of U-234 excess to water) based on geological benchmarks, hydrodynamic calculations, and paleohydrogeological reconstructions. It is assumed that this probability is constant for aquifers composed of homogeneous rocks with certain lithological composition and oxidizing conditions for U. The obtained correlations are valid for a model, where water entering the aquifer lacks U. If it contains such U, the "transport" time, which is equivalent to the timing of respective concentrations and isotopic ratios in the aquifer unit, is determined and estimates of the "water-rock" interaction in the aquifer unit are corrected. 93. Kuznetsov, A. B.; Gorokhov, I. M.; Melezhik, V. A.; et al. Strontium isotope composition of the lower proterozoic carbonate concretions: The Zaonega Formation, Southeast Karelia //LITHOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Volume: 47 Issue: 4 Pages: 319-333 JUL 2012 The middle part of the volcanosedimentary Zaonega Formation of the Ludikovian Suprahorizon (approximately 2.0 Ga) includes large carbonates concretions and lenses in shungite layers. Carbonate lenses and concretions are primarily elongated and flattened, and their thickness varies from tens of centimeters to a few meters. Some lenses retain relicts of lamination. Concretions are composed of calcite or dolomite. They contain abundant organic matter, as well as mica, talc, chlorite, quartz, and pyrite crystals. The calcite concretions contain some dolomite admixture (Mg/Ca = 0.011-0.045) and differ from sedimentary limestones by a low Fe/Mn value (0.3-2.1). The Sr content is as much as 385-505 mu g/g in most samples and is low (86 mu g/g) only in one sample. The Rb-Sr systematics of carbonate concretions was studied with the stepwise dissolution procedure, which included processing with the ammonium acetate solution (AMA fraction) to partially remove the secondary carbonate material, with dissolution of the residue in acetic acid (ACA fraction). In individual calcite samples, discrepancy between the measured Sr-87/Sr-86 values in the AMA and ACA calcite fractions shows a variation range of 0.0008-0.0033. The initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio in the ACA fractions of the studied samples varies from 0.7053 to 0.7162. The ratio shows a positive correlation with Mg/Ca and the proportion of siliciclastic admixture and negative correlation with the Mn content. The concretions were formed when the sediments subsided, probably, during the transition from a zone with "mild" reductive conditions to zones with active sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. In the sulfate reduction zone, where most pyrite-bearing concretions were formed, the sediment was not geochemically exchaged with the bottom water and was evolved into a closed or semiclosed system. Processes of diagenesis in this zone promoted the release of the radiogenic Sr-87 from the associated siliciclastic minerals, resulting in growth of the initial Sr-87/Sr-86 in concretions up to 0.7108-0.7162. Some calcite concretions, which lacked pyrite (or contained its minimal amount) were likely formed in a thin surficial sediment layer located above the sulfate reduction zone. Therefore, they precipitated Sr in isotope equilibrium with Sr of the bottom water. However, large concretions and carbonate lenses with an insignificant siliciclastic admixture could retain the signature of early diagenesis or even sedimentation. The initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio in one of such samples with the siliciclastic admixture of 6.2% makes it possible to estimate the maximal value of this ratio (0.7053) in the Ludikovian paleobasin. 94. Lein, A. Yu.; Rusanov, I. I.; Kravchishina, M. D.; et al Genesis of organic and carbonate carbon in sediments of the North and Middle Caspian basins inferred from the isotope data //LITHOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Volume: 47 Issue: 4 Pages: 281-293 JUL 2012 Isotopic compositions of organic (delta C-13-C-org) and carbonate (delta C-13-C-carb) carbon were analyzed in the particulate matter (hereafter, particulates) and sediments from the North and Middle Caspian basins. Isotopic composition of C-org was used for assessing proportions of the allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter in the particulates. Difference between the delta C-13-C-org values in surface sediments and particulates is explained by the aerobic and anaerobic diagenetic transformations. Isotopic composition of C-org in sediments may be used as a tool for reconstructing the Quaternary transgressive-regressive history of the Caspian Sea. 95. Groundwater Hydrology and Stable Isotope Analysis of an Open-System Pingo in Northwestern Mongolia // Author(s): Yoshikawa, Kenji; Natsagdorj, Sharkhuu; Sharkhuu, Anarmaa Source: PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES Volume: 24 Issue: 3 Pages: 175-183 JUL 2013 The first record of stable isotopes through a complete sequence of ice within an open-system pingo in northwestern Mongolia indicates a complex history of ice formation and pingo growth. A continuous section of ice 32 m long was cored through the centre of Mongot Pingo, and ice cores were analysed for stable isotopes and chemical composition. Two different stable isotope patterns in separate ice sections are identified: 1 open-system freezing and 2 semi-closed system (or closed system) freezing. Discharge measurements were observed in 2009 after drilling through pingo ice to artesian sub-pingo water and compared with data collected from the same pingo in 1968. Approximately 850-950 m(3) of sub-pingo water discharged within 120 h during drilling in both 1968 and 2009, a volume equivalent to about 10 per cent of the current pingo ice volume. Between 1968 and 2009, permafrost (pingo ice) thickened by about 60 cm (1.46 cm per year), from 32.0 to 32.6 m, due to the decrease in sub-pingo artesian water pressure after water release from the 1968 drilling. The major mechanism for ice formation at this pingo is groundwater artesian pressure, though not continuously. Four major stages of pingo growth after 8790 yr BP are inferred. 96. Lacelle, Denis; Vasil'chuk, Yurij K. Recent Progress (2007-2012) in Permafrost Isotope Geochemistry //PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES Volume: 24 Issue: 2 Pages: 138-145 APR 2013 This paper reviews contributions to permafrost isotope geochemistry published between 2007 and 2012 and proposes future research directions. It focuses on: (1) the origin and age of ground ice; (2) geochemistry and water movement in the active and transient layers; and (3) geochemistry and water movement in deep permafrost. The use of isotope geochemistry to study permafrost-related processes has grown significantly over the last few years. These processes have been elucidated by combining geochemical and isotope measurements from different components of permafrost. Such combination has yielded new insights, for example, into the water source and transfer processes that lead to the formation of ground ice, as well as groundwater movement and residence time in permafrost. Permafrost isotope geochemistry has a promising future and should provide valuable tools for the study of a rapidly changing permafrost environment.
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